Aspects of the Compaction of Composite Angle Laminates: An Experimental Investigation
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
To date, a fundamental knowledge of flow and compaction mechanisms has been gained by the study of laminates with simple geometries. Since most of the applications of composites involve complex shapes, it is necessary to study their compaction behaviour to develop more accurate theories. In this paper, the flow and compaction of angle laminates, manufactured with the autoclave process, was studied for two carbonepoxy composites (AS4/3501-6 and AS4/8552) under a wide range of bagging and moulding conditions. The variation of the laminate thickness, mass and local fibre volume fraction was investigated. The final thickness of the laminate was uniform in the flat section. It was found that laminate defects (voids, wrinkles, etc.) are localized at the corner. The low resin viscosity AS4/3501-6 laminates exhibit more resin loss than the high resin viscosity AS4/8552 laminates. In the flat section, the total compaction strain under bleed conditions is principally caused by percolation flow for AS4/3501-6. For AS4/8552 the total compaction strain is a combination of percolation and compaction strain caused by the collapse of voids introduced during lay-up. At the corner, high strains due to shear flow are observed for a [90°] lay-up, creating corner thinning for a convex tool and corner thickening for a concave tool. Finally, the fibre volume fraction gradient measured through the thickness and in the longitudinal direction confirms that under bleed conditions, net percolation of the resin occurs from the tool to the bleeder. Under no-bleed conditions, a small amount of internal percolation can be observed from the corner to the flat section of the angle.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it