Small Heroes. Rap Music and Se1ective Be1ongings of Y oung Haitian Immigrants in Montrea1
Bibliographic record
Abstract
While the role fulfilled by music in the construction of personal and ethnic identities has received significant attention in recent anthropologicalliterature, the perspective of children and young people has been widely neglected.The culture of hip-hop 1 in particular, with its group dynamics, competitive elements as well as its spirit of resistance against the world of adults constitutes a reflective tool for children and young people.The identification with this youth culture serves as a significant means for the (re-)creation of "black" tradition and ethnicity.From the moment it became understood as a vehicle for the "voices from the margins" (Rose 1994) just over 10 years ago, the interest in hip-hop within academia has become more established, mainly in the United States and in Canada, 2 but also in Europe 3 and other parts of the world.4 My fieldwork focused on the Haitian community in Montreal, Canada, and how it recreated "Haiti."I was particularly interested in the reconstruction of Haitian history and gender ideologies within the migrant community and in discovering how it relates to both home and host society.5 From the beginning of the 1990s, much research has been carried out on the first generation of Haitian immigrants, mainly to the United States, and they provided one ofthe most significant case studies in the development of the concept of "transnationalism" (Glick Schilleret al. 1992, Basch et al. 1994).By means of physi-While the culture of hip-hop consists of rap music, breakdance, graffiti and djing, rap music has shaped urban black youth cultures most significantly all over the globe.This article will concentrate on the analysis ofrap songs.8 Zephir 2001: 146. 9 "Timoun yo ce canet barre malere," translated as "the child is the bank account of the poor," is a common Haitian proverb.10 Stepick 1998: 22; Zephir 2001: 50.11 Stepickl998:23;Zephir2001: 125-145.12 Potvin 1999.13 In the 1980s and 1990s the North American media spread the message that the HIV/Aids-transmitting risk groups consisted ofthe "Four Hs"-Heroin addicts, Haemophiliacs, Homosexuals, and Haitians (Richman 1992: 192; Stepick 1998: 35).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.015 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".