A Study on the Seismic Passive Earth Pressure on Rigid Retaining Walls Considering Seismic Acceleration Field
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The seismic passive earth pressure is typically calculated by a pseudo static analysis by the PGA on the ground surface which is often assumed to be constant within the soil mass. This may result in an underestimation of the limit load. On the other hand, variations of the acceleration field over time and space render the interpretation of the seismic limit load either very difficult, if a complete elasto-plastic solution is sought at each time step, or argumentative. A rather new procedure is presented in this study which considers the variable seismic acceleration field behind a rigid retaining wall during an earthquake and applied to a series of acceleration time histories. The method of stress characteristics is implemented to estimate the limit load at each time step. This method seems to be more convenient with a clear interpretation of the actual limit load. Results indicated that the conventional pseudo static analyses provide an over-conservative estimate or an underestimation of the passive earth pressure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".