Attitude Control and Stability Analysis of Electric Sail
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article investigates the attitude control and stability analysis of an electric solar wind sail (E-sail) by considering elastic deflection of tethers while assuming main spacecraft and remote units as point masses. The attitude and orbital motion of the E-sail is analyzed by a high-order high-fidelity E-sail model derived from the nodal position finite-element method, where the attitude angles are implicitly described via the nodal coordinates. To overcome the difficulty in handling the stability analysis of high-order model under the Lyapunov framework, the E-sail's attitude dynamics is approximated explicitly by a reduced order analytical model with only three attitude angles. A sliding mode control law is proposed for the E-sail attitude control based on the reduced order analytical E-sail model and its stability is proved by the Lyapunov theory. Finally, two schemes are derived to map the control torque to either the control thrust at remote units or the voltages of main tethers respectively, which are applied to the high-fidelity E-sail model for attitude control. Numerical simulation demonstrates that the proposed control law performs similarly with the high-fidelity and reduced order analytical E-sail models if proper control gains are selected. It shows that the control law developed from the reduced order analytical E-sail model can stably control the attitude of a real E-sail. The investigation also indicates that the high-order flexible E-sail model provides an effective virtual testbed to evaluate the E-sail attitude control strategy derived from the reduced order attitude dynamics.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it