Statistical Comparison on Accuracies of Web-Based Online PPP Services
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The precise point positioning technique (PPP), an absolute positioning method, is widely used in geodetic point positioning. This study investigates the accuracy of the technique through statistical comparisons of the root mean square errors (RMSE), which are calculated with coordinates obtained from online PPP services. For this purpose, we carried out a two-stage investigation. First, we chose two days, a high geomagnetic activity day and a quiet one. During the high geomagnetic activity day, the Kp index went above 7, and the Dst was below −170nt. We uncovered the effect of geomagnetic activity by using the Automatic Precise Positioning Service (APPS), Canadian Spatial Reference System Precise Point Positioning (CSRS-PPP), and magic Global Navigation Satellite System (magicGNSS) PPP services. The results show that the three-dimensional (3D) RMSE are ∼1.5 times higher during the high geomagnetic activity day during 1-, 2-, 4-, and 6-h session durations, than in the quiet day. However, when the session duration increases to 24 h, the effects of geomagnetic activities are significantly eliminated. In the second stage, we chose 31 consecutive days without significant geomagnetic activities and obtained PPP-derived coordinates for 1-, 2-, 4-, 6-, and 24-h from APPS, CSRS-PPP, magicGNSS, and Trimble real-time extended (RTX). We compared the PPP-derived coordinates with Australian Online GPS Processing Service (AUSPOS)- and Online Positioning User Service (OPUS)-derived reference coordinates. As a result, we determined that, as the session duration increases, the 3D RMSE decreases, and therefore the position accuracy increases. In terms of 3D RMSE, CSRS-PPP yielded the best results in all scenarios. Finally, we concluded that 3D RMSE decreased by approximately 55.8%, 18.1%, 7.7%, and 6.2%, when session durations increased from 1 h to 2 h, 2 to 4 h, 4 to 6 h, and 6 to 24 h, respectively.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it