Interval estimation, point estimation, and null hypothesis significance testing calibrated by an estimated posterior probability of the null hypothesis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Much of the blame for failed attempts to replicate reports of scientific findings has been placed on ubiquitous and persistent misinterpretations of the p value. An increasingly popular solution is to transform a two-sided p value to a lower bound on a Bayes factor. Another solution is to interpret a one-sided p value as an approximate posterior probability. Combining the two solutions results in confidence intervals that are calibrated by an estimate of the posterior probability that the null hypothesis is true. The combination also provides a point estimate that is covered by the calibrated confidence interval at every level of confidence. Finally, the combination of solutions generates a two-sided p value that is calibrated by the estimate of the posterior probability of the null hypothesis. In the special case of a 50% prior probability of the null hypothesis and a simple lower bound on the Bayes factor, the calibrated two-sided p value is about (1 - abs(2.7 p ln p)) p + 2 abs(2.7 p ln p) for small p. The calibrations of confidence intervals, point estimates, and p values are proposed in an empirical Bayes framework without requiring multiple comparisons.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.073 | 0.402 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.009 | 0.010 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.011 |
| Open science | 0.005 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.014 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".