Drivers of Declining Water Access in Alaska
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A majority of homes in the United States (US) receive household water services via complete in-home plumbing. Observers tend to assume that in the US, there is an upward trend in plumbing access; yet in some Alaska communities, the rate is in fact a downward trend. This study seeks to identify, while considering the spatiotemporal variations in the region, the sociodemographic parameters that are correlated with the rates of in-home plumbing in Alaska communities. Equipped with American Community Survey data from 2011 to 2015, we employed a fixed-effects regression analysis. Our findings show that, concerning complete in-home plumbing, there was a statistically significant decrease in close to a quarter (23%) of census-designated places in Alaska. Access to complete plumbing is correlated to multiple sociodemographic characteristics, including the percentage of households that (1) receive social security, (2) are valued under $150,000, and (3) are renter-occupied units paying for one or more utilities. Our results help decision-makers efficiently allocate government funds by showing where service is deteriorating as well as the potential predictors of such decline. Our study reveals the pressing need to invest in not only new water systems but also maintenance, operations, and capital improvements.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".