Optimization of Compiler-Generated OpenCL CNN Kernels and Runtime for FPGAs
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We translate frozen CNN models into OpenCL kernels with the TVM compiler and then use Intel's OpenCL SDK to compile to an FPGA bitstream. We improve the performance of the generated base hardware with optimizations that increase parallelism, reduce memory access latency, and save on-chip resources. We automate these optimizations in TVM and evaluate them by generating accelerators for LeNet-5, MobileNetV1 and ResNet-34 on an Intel Stratix 10SX. The optimizations improve the performance of the generated accelerators by up to 846 × over the base ones. The optimized accelerators are up to 4.57 × faster than TensorFlow on CPU, 3.83 × faster than single-threaded TVM and are only 0.34 × slower than TVM with 56 threads. Our optimized kernels also outperform ones generated by similar approaches that use high-level synthesis, but they underperform ones that utilize hand-optimized designs. Thus, our approach is most useful in environments that benefit from increased performance and fast prototyping, realizing the benefits of FPGAs without hardware design expertise.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it