Gender Differences in Cumulative Abuse, Bystander Intervention and Long‐Term Effects on Health and Intimate Partner Violence
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This study examines gender differences in cumulative abuse, measured by the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire, bystander intervention outcomes and survivors' long‐term health, using student survey data from seven universities (N = 4080). By conducting chi‐squared tests, t‐tests and regression analyses, the results show that more female students reported higher cumulative abuse than male students. Survivors of cumulative abuse reported higher intimate partner violence (IPV) victimisation. Female survivors reported poorer mental health, while male survivors were more involved in alcohol and drug use. Most survivors remembered the bystander presence at the incident of abuse as neither helpful nor harmful, which was not significantly different by gender. Findings suggest that campus service providers need to tailor services considering the gendered effects of cumulative abuse on IPV and its long‐term health ramifications to enhance the effectiveness of services for college students.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".