Monkeypox: Virology, Pathophysiology, Clinical Characteristics, Epidemiology, Vaccines, Diagnosis, and Treatments
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The World Health Organization, has declared the recent multiregional outbreak of monkeypox, a global public health emergency. Monkeypox is a zoonotic viral infection endemic to the west and central Africa. It belongs to the Poxviridae family, the Chordopoxvirinae subfamily, and the Orthopoxvirus genus. The Poxviridae family generally consists of complex, large, enveloped, and linear double-stranded DNA viruses. The initial clinical symptoms of monkeypox are often fever, severe headache, lymphadenopathy, myalgia, and fatigue. The skin lesions typically erupt within 1-3 days of the onset of fever. The rash tends to be more localized on the face and extremities than on the trunk. Monkeypox is often a self-limiting infection, and symptoms last from 2 to 4 weeks. It is isolated from various species, but the exact natural host is uncertain. Monkeypox is transmitted by close contact with infected humans or animals. Currently, no specific medication is available for monkeypox, and the existing therapeutics are the anti-viral agents approved for smallpox infection, including tecovirimat, cidofovir, and brincidofovir. Additionally, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved Vaccinia Immune Globulin Intravenous for treating vaccination complications. It is diagnosed by PCR. There are currently two vaccines licensed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. According to the WHO guidance, the first-generation smallpox vaccines held in national reserves of some countries are not recommended as they do not meet the current safety and manufacturing standards. The interim guidance indicates that new and safer (second- and third generation) vaccines for smallpox, may be beneficial for monkeypox prevention, including JYNNEOS, which has been approved for the prevention of monkeypox. Human monkeypox was first reported in 1970. Since then, it has caused several outbreaks, mainly in central and west Africa. The first monkeypox outbreak outside of Africa occurred in the United States in 2003, linked to contact with infected pet prairie dogs. More recently (2018-2021), monkeypox cases have been reported in travelers from Nigeria to the United Kingdom, Israel, Singapore, and the US. Since May 2022, multiple monkeypox cases have been confirmed in several non-endemic countries, raising the concern of an emerging global pandemic. This review is an updated overview of our current state of knowledge regarding monkeypox virology, pathophysiology, clinical characteristics, epidemiology, vaccines, diagnosis, and treatment options.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it