Costs and benefits of the development methods of drinking water quality index: A systematic review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The drinking water quality index (DWQI) transforms multiple water quality parameters into a dimensionless number, thus, presenting comprehensive status of drinking water in an intuitive manner. However, there are very few studies summarize the current progress of DWQI. Thus, we systematically reviewed 514 articles to evaluated the methods used in each DWQI developmental step with the aim of helping environmental workers choose the most appropriate index-generation model for local application. We observed that existing studies usually select 10–15 (55.4% of the studies) physicochemical parameters (such as Cl, pH, SO4, Ca, Mg etc.) to develop a DWQI. The weights of selected parameters are most often assigned using the five-scale method (53.7%), but these values varied considerably among the different studies due to the lack of clear evaluation standards. Semiquantitative and quantitative methods have been applied to overcome the subjectivity involved in these steps, including the analytical hierarchy process, information entropy, and factor analysis etc. The measurement results are normalized using the permissible limit, and multiplied by the corresponding weight, then added up to get the final DWQI result. Specifically, two distinct approaches, fuzzy logic and WQI adopted by Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME-WQI) are discussed. Comparing with the more common approach based on classic set theory, fuzzy logic can better resolve the inherent uncertainty in the assessment of DWQI, whereas, the CCME-WQI is more appropriate for evaluating the spatiotemporal variations in DWQI over a given period. Some studies have assessed the robustness of the developed DWQI by conducting sensitivity analyses and its effectiveness was validated by comparisons with expert scores, existing WQIs or toxicological endpoints. Fifty-seven predefined classification schemes have been proposed to interpret DWQI value. As no one-size-fits-all approach exists for DWQI development, we recommended here to clarify the principles to be followed at each step, disclose the details of each method, and validate the developed index in future research. Meanwhile, additional efforts are required to develop new water quality monitoring methods and conduct DWQI studies on central water supply system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.037 | 0.146 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.007 | 0.011 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.019 | 0.016 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".