Well interference evaluation considering complex fracture networks through pressure and rate transient analysis in unconventional reservoirs
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Severe well interference through complex fracture networks (CFNs) can be observed among multi-well pads in low permeability reservoirs. The well interference analysis between multi-fractured horizontal wells (MFHWs) is vitally important for reservoir effective development. Well interference has been historically investigated by pressure transient analysis, while it has shown that rate transient analysis has great potential in well interference diagnosis. However, the impact of complex fracture networks (CFNs) on rate transient behavior of parent well and child well in unconventional reservoirs is still not clear. To further investigate, this paper develops an integrated approach combining pressure and rate transient analysis for well interference diagnosis considering CFNs. To perform multi-well simulation considering CFNs, non-intrusive embedded discrete fracture model approach was applied for coupling fracture with reservoir models. The impact of CFN including natural fractures and frac-hits on pressure and rate transient behavior in multi-well system was investigated. On a log–log plot, interference flow and compound linear flow are two new flow regimes caused by nearby producers. When both NFs and frac-hits are present in the reservoir, frac-hits have a greater impact on well #1 which contains frac-hits, and NFs have greater impact on well #3 which does not have frac-hits. For all well producing circumstances, it might be challenging to see divergence during pseudosteady state flow brought on by frac-hits on the log–log plot. Besides, when NFs occur, reservoir depletion becomes noticeable in comparison to frac-hits in pressure distribution. Application of this integrated approach demonstrates that it works well to characterize the well interference among different multi-fractured horizontal wells in a well pad. Better reservoir evaluation can be acquired based on the new features observed in the novel model, demonstrating the practicability of the proposed approach. The findings of this study can help for better evaluating well interference degree in multi-well systems combing PTA and RTA, which can reduce the uncertainty and improve the accuracy of the well interference analysis based on both field pressure and rate data.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it