Colouratives in the English-Language Literary Text: Correlation of Direct and Indirect Meanings
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The article is devoted to the study of the correlation of direct and indirect meanings of colouratives that are used in the English-language literary text based on the material of women’s prose, in particular, the novel “The Handmaid’s Tale” (1985) by M. Atwood. As part of the analysis of theoretical and methodological material, it has been revealed that colouratives in a literary text contribute to the fact that the author of a literary text can implicitly convey to the reader a much larger amount of information: such words can evoke certain associations in the recipient, allow the author to attract his attention, create a visual, pictorial artistic reality that differs in one or another set of colours. During the analysis of the selected contexts (more than 500 fragments) with colouratives (516 units) from the literary work – a dystopian novel by Canadian writer Margaret Atwood “The Handmaid’s Tale”, a number of features have been identified. In the analyzed literary work, various colours have been used – ten frequently occurring and five less common ones. As part of the work with empirical material, the frequently occurring colouratives that do not have a transfer of meaning and less frequently used secondary colouratives with a transfer of meaning (metaphor and metonymy) have been identified. Some of the colour designations have had only a direct meaning. The colouratives white, red and black are very frequently used (almost a third of them has a semantic transfer). The colouratives blue (half of them has a transfer of semantics), pink (the fourth part is metaphorical or metonymic), green and gray (half of them with a transfer of semantics) and brown (one fifth has a semantic transfer) are quite often used. Besides, the author highlights the colouratives gold(en) (with a predominance of metaphors and metonymies) and silver (half of them with a transfer of semantics), which often denote not only the colour, but also the material from which this or that object is made. The least represented are the colouratives purple, yellow, orange, peach and ivory, which are completely or almost completely not characterized by any semantic transfers. In terms of structure, one-component colouratives prevail in relation to most colours and in both groups of colouratives, however, two-component structures are also quite frequent in case of direct nomination. The indirect meaning assumes various syntactic and morphological-syntactic models of the formation of colouratives (word composition, word composition + suffixation), including figurative comparisons with the elements as and like. As a result of the study of direct and figurative meanings of colouratives in M. Atwood’s novel «The Handmaid’s Tale» we come to the conclusion about the diversity of colouratives in terms of semantic transfers (metaphor, metonymy, metaphtonymy), structure and derivational models (from simple, single-component colouratives to complex multicomponent formations).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.040 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".