Experimental Assessment of Resilient Controlled Rocking Masonry Walls with Replaceable Energy Dissipation
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In recent years, several studies have been conducted to evaluate the seismic response of controlled rocking masonry walls (CRMWs) that depend on unbonded post-tensioning (PT) tendons. The current paper describes the quasi-static cyclic testing of proposed controlled rocking masonry walls that omit PT but incorporate externally attached energy dissipation (ED-CRMWs). The proposed external energy dissipation (ED) is a flexural yielding device, named a flexural arm, that is bolted to the wall through a special steel hollow block to allow simple and fast replacement after an earthquake. As such, this wall system overcomes the limitation of internal ED devices (e.g., unbonded axial yielding bars) of being unreachable and unreplaceable after damage due to yielding or fracturing. In addition, the paper reports the retesting of the proposed controlled rocking wall after being repaired and subsequently compares the performance to that of the original wall in order to evaluate the wall resilience following seismic events. The experimental results are discussed in terms of the failure modes and damage pattern, force–displacement response, wall lateral load capacity, residual drifts, displacement ductility, and ED capacity. The results show that using a special hollow steel block at strategic locations produced a high displacement capacity of 5.0% drift without strength degradation and preserved the intended self-centering with residual drifts of less than 0.2% until at least 3.7% lateral drift. The flexural arm also had significant ductility capacity, where the walls reached 5.0% drift without buckling or fracturing of the arms. Both the original and the repaired walls exhibited limited and localized damage at the wall toes, thus positioning the proposed ED-CRMWs as a resilient system for masonry construction. Finally, the paper presents design recommendations that could be considered for introducing ED-CRMWs with flexural arms in future relevant standards.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it