When to invest in electric vehicles under dual credit policy: A real options approach
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This research aims to investigate traditional vehicle manufacturers' green technology investment theory under dual credit policy from the perspective of real options, overcoming earlier investigations of this issue that considered it only from a stability or single uncertainty perspective. An analytical real options model was first provided for traditional automaker investment. Then we solved the analytical solution for the electric vehicle investment threshold based on the uncertainty of credit price and fuel vehicle market scenarios. The optimal electric vehicle investment timing is demonstrated using numerical simulation. Results show that (1) when the fuel vehicle market demand falls to a certain level, automakers will choose to make electric vehicle investments regardless of how the credit price changes in the market; (2) the effect of volatility on the investment threshold depends on the covariance or correlation coefficient; (3) the numerical simulation results revealed that the credit price drift rate, risk‐free rate, correlation parameters, and electric vehicle production cost all have a positive impact on the electric vehicle investment region, whereas the drift rate of fuel vehicle and electric vehicle production cost have a negative impact. These results can be used to make theoretical conclusions about electric vehicle investments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".