Bibliographic record
Abstract
View Video Presentation: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2023-1953.vid This paper describes wind tunnel experiments conducted on riblets with gradual streamwise ridge height variation, known as ‘3-D’ riblets. Riblets are V-shaped or blade-type grooves with height and spacing between peaks of .002 to .005 inches, depending on conditions. The goal of 3-D riblet designs is to modify the flow topology in a manner similar to conventional riblets but with reduced wetted area, thereby achieving a larger drag reduction. A critical feature of the patent pending riblets tested is the staggering between neighboring riblets and shallow slope of the transition regions. Details of the design process and CFD simulations are covered in a concurrently written paper by Smith, Yagle and McClure. Wind tunnel testing was completed by use of a splitter plate and boundary layer rakes and relied on momentum thickness calculations to determine the drag for smooth and riblet surfaces. Riblets were produced on film and the metrology indicated precise matching to the design specifications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".