Influence of expulsion and heat extraction resulting from changes to electrode force on liquid metal embrittlement during resistance spot welding
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Zinc coatings are generally utilized for manufacturing corrosion-resistant advanced high-strength steels (AHSS). However, in new third generation AHSS (3G-AHSS), zinc from the coating may interact with the steel substrate leading to liquid metal embrittlement (LME) cracking during resistance spot welding (RSW). A critical RSW parameter that influences the LME response of the utilized 3G-AHSS is the electrode force. This study showed that the influence of electrode force on LME depended on whether or not welds experienced expulsion. When welding with low heat input, without expulsion, LME cracking severity decreased as electrode force increased. In such cases, increased force aided with heat extraction during welding, relieving the critical stresses required by LME cracking. In contrast, when welding with high heat input, resulting in expulsion, increased force elevated LME cracking. It was shown that high force increased the sudden indentation of the electrode into the substrate (electrode collapse), leading to rapid cooling of the weld shoulder. The rapid cooling increased the thermal stresses associated with the collapse event, promoting LME. This study established that the electrode force has two distinct roles on LME. When welding below the expulsion current, high force decreased LME. On the other hand, when welding above the expulsion current, more severe LME cracking was observed at high electrode force. The results from this study show that expulsion itself (excluding its association with increased heat input) is a factor contributing to LME cracking, which highlights the importance of considering the expulsion phenomenon in designing LME resistant welding schedules.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it