ECG bio-identification using Fréchet classifiers: A proposed methodology based on modeling the dynamic change of the ECG features
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recently, the use of electrocardiogram (ECG) for human identification has attracted great attention. Generally, most existing ECG based biometric systems relay on extracting the static fiducial or non-fiducial features of the cardiac signal. However, the recorded ECG data is more likely to be different whenever it is measured. Such problem can be addressed by utilizing the dynamic change in ECG features. This paper proposes a new methodology for human identification via ECG, based on tracking the dynamic change in ECG features and utilizing the Fréchet distance measures for multiclass classification of feature matrices. The proposed dynamic feature matrices can be utilized to model nonstationary signals because they provide continues information on feature variability. Technically, we utilize the consecutive change of ECG power spectral density as significant feature. In addition, we use the dynamic change of QRS features as a distinguishable characteristic. At the classification stage, we use equations of Fréchet distances to perform multiclass classification because the covariance matrices of the dynamic feature matrices are symmetric positive definite, and their relative geometric space is not Euclidian. The performance of our methodology was evaluated using the publicly available ECG ID database of 62 subjects. To support real world applicability of our method, we randomized the reference / test data selection using data windowing techniques for examining the stability of our method by changing the datasets. The experimental results show that our methodology was able to achieve an identification accuracy of 97.03% with 0.971 precision, 0.999 specificity, 0.97 recall, 0.029 false rejection rate and 0.00048 false acceptance rate. Furthermore, the findings of our work show that Fréchet distances perform better than the Euclidian distance for ECG data classification in the context of multiclass classification problems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".