The Leland Model as a Consistent Framework for Analytic Valuation of Equity and Options on Equity
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although there are many well-established models for valuing corporate debt and equity, option pricing literature rarely takes these models as their starting point. This happens in part because such models value equity as an option on the firm’s assets, and options on equity then become compound options that cannot generally be priced analytically. In this article, the authors present a consistent and unified framework for valuing equity and options on equity within the 1994 Leland model. The authors show that it is possible to value not only European call and put options but also exotic options such as barriers and lookbacks in closed form. Moreover, the authors show that the model produces an implied volatility skew that is typically observed in the equity options market.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it