Social Encounters: Portraits of the Yup’ik Women of Taciq, Alaska, 1850–1851
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During the mid-nineteenth century, over thirty maritime expeditions searched for the infamous missing Franklin expedition sent by the British Admiralty in 1845 that had vanished into the Northwest Passage. Several of these expeditions and individuals had extensive and sustained contact with Inuit, Yup’ik, and Chukchi people who lived in the region. The officers of these expeditions were required to keep accurate visual and written records of all that they encountered, while surgeons in particular were expected to keep details on natural history, including ethnographic information on Indigenous peoples of the Arctic. Many of these documents are overtly racist while others are underlain with less obvious, but highly pervasive, racist attitudes. Despite that, these records contain valuable, if flawed, information that can be of particular interest to Indigenous scholars and communities in the Arctic. Through examining written evidence and four watercolour portraits of women made at Taciq, Alaska, I show how such pre-photographic records can contain information that unsettles the assumed power dynamics between Indigenous peoples and agents of imperialism and can reveal traces of social encounters.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.020 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".