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Determinants of recovery from post-COVID-19 dyspnoea: analysis of UK prospective cohorts of hospitalised COVID-19 patients and community-based controls
Bang Zheng, Giulia Vivaldi, Luke Daines, Olivia C. Leavy, Matthew Richardson, Omer Elneima, Hamish McAuley, Aarti Shikotra, Amisha Singapuri, Marco Sereno, Ruth Saunders, Victoria Harris, Linzy Houchen‐Wolloff, Neil Greening, Paul Pfeffer, John R. Hurst, Jeremy Brown, Manu Shankar‐Hari, Carlos Echevarria, Anthony De Soyza, Ewen M. Harrison, Annemarie B Docherty, Nazir Lone, Jennifer K Quint, James D. Chalmers, Ling‐Pei Ho, Alex Horsley, Michael Marks, Krishna Poinasamy, Betty Raman, Liam G. Heaney, Louise V. Wain, Rachael A Evans, Christopher E. Brightling, Adrian R. Martineau, Aziz Sheikh, Kathryn M. Abel, Huzaifa Adamali, Davies Adeloye, O Adeyemi, R Adrego, L A Aguilar Jimenez, Shazaad Ahmad, Nafees Haider, Rizwan Ahmed, N Ahwireng, Mark Ainsworth, B Al-Sheklly, A Alamoudi, Mohammad Ali, M Aljaroof, A.M. All, Louise Allan, R Allen, L. Allerton, Lynne Allsop, P. Almeida, Doris Altmann, Maria Alvarez Corral, S Amoils, Debra Anderson, Chrystalina A. Antoniades, A. Arias, Chérie Armour, Lará Armstrong, Natalie Armstrong, David Arnold, H Arnold, Abdul Ashish, Andrew Ashworth, Mark Ashworth, S Aslani, H Assefa-Kebede, Catherine Atkin, Philip A. Atkin, Raminder Aul, Htin Aung, Luke Austin, Cristina Avram, A Ayoub, Marta Babores, Rob Baggott, J. Bagshaw, David Baguley, L. Charles Bailey, J. Kenneth Baillie, S. Bain, M Bakali, M Bakau, Eileen Baldry, David Baldwin, Molly M Baldwin, Clive Ballard, Amitava Banerjee, B. Bang, Ruth E Barker, L Barman, Shaney Barratt, Fiona Barrett, D Basire, N Basu, M. Bates, Andrew Bates, Rachel L. Batterham, Helen Baxendale, Hannah Bayes, Michael Beadsworth, P Beckett, M. Beggs, M Begum, Paul Beirne, D Bell, Robert M. Bell, Katherine Bennett, Eva Beranová, Areti Bermperi, A Berridge, Colin Berry, Sarah Betts, Emily Bevan, Kam Bhui, M Bingham, K Birchall, Lisa Bishop, Karen Bisnauthsing, J Blaikely, Angela Bloss, A Bolger, Charlotte E. Bolton, James Bonnington, A Botkai, C Bourne, Michelle Bourne, Kate Bramham, L Brear, Gerome Breen, J Breeze, Andrew Briggs, E Bright, Simon Brill, Khara Croswaite Brindle, L. Broad, A Broadley, C Brookes, Matthew R. Broome, A. Brown, Martin M. Brown, Victoria Tzortziou Brown, Traolach Brugha, Nigel J. Brunskill, Maya H Buch, Philip Buckley, Anda Bularga, Edward T. Bullmore, L. Burden, Teresa Burdett, D Burn, G Burns, Angus C. Burns, John Busby, R. Butcher, Adeel A. Butt, Suzanne Byrne, Paula Cairns, P C Calder, E Calvelo, H Carborn, Brittany Card, Christine Carr, L. Carr, Gail Carson, P. Carter, Anna Casey, Mark Philip Cassar, Jorunn Pauline Cavanagh, Manish Chablani, Trudie Chalder, R C Chambers, Francis K.L. Chan, K.M. Channon, K Chapman, A Charalambou, Nazia Chaudhuri, Anna M. Checkley, J. Chen, Yu Cheng, L Chetham, C Childs, Edwin R. Chilvers, Hector Chinoy, Amedeo Chiribiri, K Chong-James, Gourab Choudhury, Noura J. Choudhury, Phil Chowienczyk, C D C Christie, M Chrystal, Diane Clark, Collin M. Clark, Jennifer Clarke, Sara Clohisey, G Coakley, Z Coburn, S Coetzee, Joby Cole, Christopher M. Coleman, F Conneh, David Connell, Bronwen Connolly, L Connor, A Cook, Brendan Cooper, D. James Cooper, Sheldon C. Cooper, Debra Copeland, Tracey Cosier, M Coulding, C Coupland, Eline G. M. Cox, Tom Craig, Philippe Crisp, D Cristiano, Michael G. Crooks, Adam Cross, I Cruz, Paul Cullinan, Daniel J. Cuthbertson, M Dalton, Patricia Daly, A Daniels, Paul Dark, J Dasgin, Abel P. David, Elin Haf Davies, Ffyon Davies, Gwyneth A. Davies, Katherine Davies, Matthew Davies, Jennifer Dawson, E Daynes, B Deakin, Andrew Deans, C Deas, J Deery, Sylviane Defres, Amanda Dell, K Dempsey, Emma Denneny, John Dennis, Amy Dewar, R Dharmagunawardena, N Diar-Bakerly, Chris Dickens, A Dipper, Sarah Diver, S N Diwanji, Michael J. Dixon, Ratko Djukanović, Hannah Dobson, Susan L. Dobson, A Donaldson, Tim Dong, Natalie Dormand, Andrew Dougherty, Rowan Dowling, S Drain, K Draxlbauer, K. Drury, H.J.C. drury, P Dulawan, A Dunleavy, S Dunn, C. Dupont, J Earley, Nicholas Easom, Sarah Edwards, Charlotte L. Edwardson, H El-Taweel, Angela Elliott, Katharine Elliott, Y Ellis, A Elmer, D Evans, Helen Evans, Jonathan Evans, Rhodri Evans, Teriann Evans, C Evenden, Lynsey Evison, Laura Fabbri, Sara Fairbairn, Andrea D. Fairman, K Fallon, David Faluyi, C Favager, T Fayzan, J. Featherstone, Tim Felton, J Finch, Simon J. Finney, J Finnigan, Lucy Finnigan, Helen L. Fisher, Simon Fletcher, R Flockton, M. G. Flynn, H Foot, David Foote, James D. Ford, Daniel Forton, E Fraile, C Francis, Rebecca Francis, Sarah Francis, Adam Frankel, Emily Fraser, Robert C. Free, Nigel French, Xiaotong Fu, Jonathan Fuld, James Furniss, L. Garner, Nandan Gautam, J R Geddes, P M George, Michael Gibbons, Michael Gill, L Gilmour, Fergus Gleeson, J Glossop, S. W. Glover, Nigel Goodman, C Goodwin, Bibek Gooptu, Howard S. Gordon, T Gorsuch, M Greatorex, Paul L. Greenhaff, William Greenhalf, A Greenhalgh, John P. Greenwood, H Gregory, R. Gregory, D Grieve, Denise Griffin, Lori Griffiths, A-M Guerdette, Mahitha Gummadi, Ayush Gupta, Sambasivarao Gurram, Elspeth Guthrie, Z Guy, H Henson, Kate Hadley, A Haggar, Kirsten Hainey, Brigid Hairsine, Pranabashis Haldar, Isabella Hall, L Hall, Mark Halling‐Brown, R Hamil, A Hancock, Kerry Hancock, Neil A. Hanley, Sulaimaan Haq, Hayley Hardwick, Elaine Hardy, T Hardy, Beverley Hargadon, Kevin J. Harrington, Emma Harris, Phillippa Harrison, Nicholas Hart, A Harvey, M Harvey, M Harvie, Lynn Haslam‐Larmer, May Havinden-Williams, Jason E. Hawkes, N Hawkings, J Haworth, Adrian Hayday, M Haynes, Jon Hazeldine, T Hazelton, Cheryl Heeley, Jonathan L. Heeney, Melissa Heightman, Simon Heller, Morag Henderson, L Hesselden, Melissa Hewitt, V Highett, Toby Hillman, T Hiwot, A Hoare, M Hoare, J Hockridge, P Hogarth, A Holbourn, Sara Holden, Luke Holdsworth, D Holgate, M Holland, L Holloway, K. Holmes, Manisha Holmes, B Holroyd-Hind, L Holt, Anil Hormis, Akram A. Hosseini, Matthew Hotopf, Kirsten Howard, Luke Howard, Alice Howell, E Hufton, Alun D. Hughes, Joel W. Hughes, R Hughes, A Humphries, Nathan T. M. Huneke, E Hurditch, Masud Husain, Tracy Hussell, J Hutchinson, Wadah Ibrahim, F Ilyas, J Ingham, L Ingram, D Ionita, K Isaacs, Khalida Ismail, Thomas Jackson, Joseph Jacob, W Y James, Woo Young Jang, C Jarman, Ian Jarrold, Hannah Jarvis, R Jastrub, B Jayaraman, Gísli Jenkins, Peter Jezzard, K Jiwa, Candace Johnson, Steven Johnson, D Johnston, Caroline J. Jolley, D Jones, Graeme Jones, H. Jones, Ian A. Jones, L Jones, Mark G. Jones, S Jones, S Jose, T Kabir, Georgios Kaltsakas, Vicky Kamwa, N. Kanellakis, Zunaira Kausar, Natalie Keenan, Sadie Kelly, Graham J. Kemp, S Kerr, Helen Kerslake, A L Key, Fasihul Khan, Kamlesh Khunti, Susan Kilroy, B. King, C King, L. Kingham, Jodie Kirk, Pádraig T. Kitterick, Paul Klenerman, Lucy Knibbs, Susan Knight, A. Knighton, Onn Min Kon, Samantha S.C. Kon, S. Koprowska, Ania Korszun, Ivan Koychev, C Kurasz, P Kurupati, Charles Laing, H. Lamlum, G Landers, Claudia Langenberg, Daniel Lasserson, Lara Lavelle-Langham, Alison M. Lawrie, Claire Lawson, A Layton, A Lea, D. Lee, J.-H. Lee, E. Lee, K. Leitch, R Lenagh, Daniel J. Lewis, J. R. Lewis, Keir Lewis, Virginia Lewis, N Lewis-Burke, X. Li, Teresa Light, Liz Lightstone, W. Lilaonitkul, L. Lim, S Linford, Anne Lingford‐Hughes, Marc Lipman, Kamal Liyanage, Adam Lloyd, Sarah Logan, David A. Lomas, Ronda Loosley, Janet M. Lord, Harpreet Lota, Wayne Lovegrove, Alice Lucey, Elena Lukaschuk, A Lye, C. Lynch, Steven MacDonald, Guy MacGowan, Irene Macharia, J Mackie, L Macliver, S Madathil, G Madzamba, N Magee, M M Magtoto, N Mairs, Nauman Majeed, Eugene O. Major, Flora Malein, Michael H. Malim, Georgia Mallison, William D‐C Man, Sema Mandal, Kenneth Mangion, Charlotte Manisty, R Manley, Keith L. March, Stefan J. Marciniak, Pietro Marino, M Mariveles, E Marouzet, S. Marsh, Ben G. Marshall, Michael S. Marshall, James Martín, Leonardo Martín Vásquez Martínez, Nick Maskell, Darwin Matila, Wadzanai Matimba-Mupaya, Lauren Matthews, A Mbuyisa, Stephen P. McAdoo, R. Hamish McAllister‐Williams, Angela McArdle, P McArdle, D McAulay, Gerry P McCann, Jacqueline McCormick, W McCormick, P McCourt, Lorcan McGarvey, Christopher McGee, Kirsty McGee, J McGinness, K McGlynn, A McGovern, Heather McGuinness, Iain B. McInnes, J McIntosh, E McIvor, K McIvor, L McLeavey, Anne McMahon, Michael McMahon, Liam McMorrow, T Mcnally, Melitta A. McNarry, J McNeill, Alison McQueen, H McShane, C Mears, C Megson, S Megson, Puja Mehta, James Meiring, L Melling, Mark Mencias, Dan Menzies, Marta Merida Morillas, A. Michael, Chris Miller, Lea Milligan, C Mills, Gary Mills, Nicholas L. Mills, L Milner, S Misra, James Mitchell, A. Mohamed, N Mohamed, Sarhan Mohammed, Philip L. Molyneaux, W Monteiro, S Moriera, Anna Morley, Leigh Morrison, Richard Morriss, A Morrow, Alison Moss, Paul Moss, K Motohashi, N Msimanga, Elizabeta B. Mukaetova‐Ladinska, U Munawar, Jennifer Murira, Uttam Nanda, H Nassa, M Nasseri, A Neal, R. Needham, P Neill, Stefan Neubauer, David E. Newby, Helen Newell, Tom Newman, Julia Newman, A. Newton-Cox, Timothy R. Nicholson, D Nicoll, A. Nikolaidis, Claire M. Nolan, Maria Noonan, Chris Norman, Petr Novotný, J Nunag, Lorenza Nwafor, U Nwanguma, J Nyaboko, Conor O’Brien, Kate O’Donnell, David O’Regan, L O'Brien, N Odell, Graham S. Ogg, O Olaosebikan, C Oliver, Z Omar, Peter Openshaw, L. Orriss-Dib, Lynn Osborne, R Osbourne, Marlies Ostermann, Christopher E. Overton, J. Owen, J Oxton, Jamie Pack, Edmund Pacpaco, Stella‐Maria Paddick, S Painter, Ashkan Pakzad, S. Palmer, Padmasayee Papineni, Kitty Paques, Kerry Paradowski, Manish Pareek, Dhruv Parekh, Helen Parfrey, Carmine M. Pariante, Sean Parker, Miles Parkes, J. Parmar, S Patale, B. Patel, Manish Patel, Suresh Patel, D Pattenadk, M Pavlides, Sarah Payne, Lyndsay Pearce, John E. Pearl, D. Peckham, Jessica Pendlebury, Yun Peng, Catherine Pennington, I Peralta, Emma Perkins, Zhane Peterkin, Tünde Pető, Nayia Petousi, Jennifer Petrie, J Phipps, J Pimm, Karen Piper Hanley, Riinu Pius, H Plant, Sven Plein, Tatiana Plekhanova, Megan Plowright, O Polgar, Lonneke van de Poll, Joanna C. Porter, S Portukhay, Neil Powell, A Prabhu, John Pratt, Angeline Price, Christopher Price, D Price, L Price, A Prickett, J. Propescu, S. Prosper, S. Pugmire, Sheena Quaid, J Quigley, H Qureshi, Ibraheem Qureshi, Kavita Radhakrishnan, Najib M. Rahman, Markus Ralser, A. Ramos, H. Ramos, J Rangeley, B Rangelov, L Ratcliffe, P Ravencroft, A Reddington, Raghunath Reddy, A. Vijaya Bhaskar Reddy, H Redfearn, Dawn Redwood, Anna Reed, Megan Rees, T Rees, Karen Regan, Will Reynolds, Cinthia Mucci Ribeiro, A Richards, E Richardson, Pilar Rivera‐Ortega, K. Roberts, Elaine Robertson, Emma C. Robinson, Lisa A. Robinson, L Roche, Chloe Roddis, J. Rodger, Amelia Ross, G Ross, J Rossdale, Anthony Rostron, Anna Rowe, J Rowland, Matthew Rowland, Sarah Rowland‐Jones, Krishna Chandra Roy, Maxim Roy, Igor Rudan, R Russell, Emma Russell, G Saalmink, R. Sabit, Elizabeth K. Sage, T Samakomva, N Samani, Claire Sampson, Katie Samuel, R Samuel, Amanda Sanderson, Elizabeth Sapey, Dinesh Saralaya, J. Sargant, C Sarginson, Thea Sass, Naveed Sattar, Karen Saunders, Peter Saunders, Laura Saunders, Heather Savill, W Saxon, Avan Aihie Sayer, J Schronce, Wilhelm Schwaeble, J. T. Scott, K Scott, Nicholas M. Selby, Malcolm G. Semple, T Sewell, Abhijit Shah, Kanan Shah, Pallav L. Shah, Manish Sharma, Claire C. Sharpe, Michael Sharpe, S Shashaa, Albert C. Shaw, Kaitlin Shaw, Victoria Shaw, Sarah Shelton, L Shenton, K Shevket, A Shikotra, Jay M. Short, S Siddique, Salman Siddiqui, J Sidebottom, Louise Sigfrid, G Simons, Jennifer Simpson, Nicholas Simpson, Claire Singh, Sally Singh, D Sissons, J Skeemer, Katie Slack, Anne Smith, D Smith, Susan M. Smith, John A. Smith, Lauren C. Smith, M Soares, T S Solano, Reanne Solly, A R Solstice, T Soulsby, David Southern, D. Sowter, Mark Spears, Lisa Spencer, F Speranza, Louise Stadon, Stefan Stanel, N Steele, Michael Steiner, David J. Stensel, G Stephens, L Stephenson, M Stern, Iain Stewart, R Stimpson, Skye Stockdale, James Stockley, William Thornley Stoker, Richard Stone, W Storrar, A. Storrie, Kim Storton, Jeffrey S. A. Stringer, Sophia Strong-Sheldrake, Natalie Stroud, Christian P Subbe, Cathie Sudlow, Z Suleiman, Charlotte Summers, Christina Summersgill, D Sutherland, Dominic L. Sykes, Robert Sykes, Nick P. Talbot, Ai Lyn Tan, L Tarusan, Vera Tavoukjian, Alex H. Taylor, C Taylor, J Taylor, A Te, H Tedd, C J Tee, J Teixeira, Helen Tench, S. Terry, S. Thackray-Nocera, Favas Thaivalappil, B Thamu, David Thickett, C Thomas, David Thomas, S Thomas, Andrew Thomas, T Thomas-Woods, T Thompson, A. A. Roger Thompson, T Thornton, Mathew Thorpe, Ryan S. Thwaites, J Tilley, N Tinker, Gerlynn Tiongson, Martin D. Tobin, James Tomlinson, Catherine Tong, Mark Toshner, Rhian M. Touyz, K A Tripp, Elizabeth M. Tunnicliffe, Alison E. Turnbull, Emma L. Turner, Steve Turner, Victoria Turner, K. Turner, Sharon Turney, Lance Turtle, H. Turton, J Ugoji, R Ugwuoke, Rachel Upthegrove, Jonathan Valabhji, M. Ventura, Joanne Vere, Carinna Vickers, B Vinson, Erin A. Wade, Phillip Wade, Thomas W. Wainwright, L O Wajero, S Walder, S Walker, Emma Wall, T Wallis, Sharon Walmsley, Jessica A. Walsh, S Walsh, L Warburton, Tom Ward, K Warwick, Helen Wassall, Sharon Waterson, Eleanor Watson, Lea C. Watson, Judith Watson, Carly Welch, H Welch, B Welsh, Simon Wessely, S West, H Weston, Helen Wheeler, Simon R. White, Victor Whitehead, Julie Whitney, Spence Whittaker, B. Whittam, V Whitworth, Andrew Wight, Jim M. Wild, M Wilkins, Dean Wilkinson, Bryan Williams, Nefyn Williams, Justin Williams, S A Williams-Howard, Michelle Willicombe, Guillermo B. Willis, J Willoughby, A Wilson, David M. Wilson, Iseult Wilson, Nicola Window, Miles D. Witham, R Wolf-Roberts, C Wood, Felix Woodhead, Jeffrey A. Woods, Dan Wootton, Joanne Wormleighton, J Worsley, David C. Wraith, C Wrey Brown, Clinton B. Wright, L Wright, S. Wright, J Wyles, Inez Wynter, Mengxin Xu, N Yasmin, S Yasmin, Thomas Yates, Kay Por Yip, Bob Young, Scott Young, Alison L. Young, Ahmed Yousuf, A. Zawia, Lisa Zeidan, Boya Zhao, O Zongo
Bibliographic record
VenueThe Lancet Regional Health - Europe · 2023
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldMedicine
TopicLong-Term Effects of COVID-19
Canadian institutionsnot available
FundersDSM Nutritional ProductsNIHR Leicester Biomedical Research CentreManchester Biomedical Research CentreGrifolsVersus ArthritisPublic Health EnglandCystic Fibrosis TrustMedical Research CouncilTeva Pharmaceutical IndustriesDepartment of Health and Social CareBritish Heart FoundationAsthma and Lung UKWellcome TrustCancer Research UKArthritis SocietyBarts CharityAstraZenecaUK Research and InnovationDiabetes UKKidney Research UKFrancis Crick InstituteRegeneron PharmaceuticalsNovartis Pharmaceuticals UK LimitedNational Institute for Health and Care ResearchInsmedGilead SciencesSanofiGlaxoSmithKlineVasculitis UKGenentechBlood Cancer UKBritish Lung FoundationPfizer
KeywordsMedicineCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)Odds ratioProspective cohort studyLogistic regressionOddsCohortCohort studyDepression (economics)Severity of illnessAnxietyInternal medicineEmergency medicineDiseaseInfectious disease (medical specialty)Psychiatry
Abstract
Background: The risk factors for recovery from COVID-19 dyspnoea are poorly understood. We investigated determinants of recovery from dyspnoea in adults with COVID-19 and compared these to determinants of recovery from non-COVID-19 dyspnoea. Methods: We used data from two prospective cohort studies: PHOSP-COVID (patients hospitalised between March 2020 and April 2021 with COVID-19) and COVIDENCE UK (community cohort studied over the same time period). PHOSP-COVID data were collected during hospitalisation and at 5-month and 1-year follow-up visits. COVIDENCE UK data were obtained through baseline and monthly online questionnaires. Dyspnoea was measured in both cohorts with the Medical Research Council Dyspnoea Scale. We used multivariable logistic regression to identify determinants associated with a reduction in dyspnoea between 5-month and 1-year follow-up. Findings: We included 990 PHOSP-COVID and 3309 COVIDENCE UK participants. We observed higher odds of improvement between 5-month and 1-year follow-up among PHOSP-COVID participants who were younger (odds ratio 1.02 per year, 95% CI 1.01-1.03), male (1.54, 1.16-2.04), neither obese nor severely obese (1.82, 1.06-3.13 and 4.19, 2.14-8.19, respectively), had no pre-existing anxiety or depression (1.56, 1.09-2.22) or cardiovascular disease (1.33, 1.00-1.79), and shorter hospital admission (1.01 per day, 1.00-1.02). Similar associations were found in those recovering from non-COVID-19 dyspnoea, excluding age (and length of hospital admission). Interpretation: Factors associated with dyspnoea recovery at 1-year post-discharge among patients hospitalised with COVID-19 were similar to those among community controls without COVID-19. Funding: PHOSP-COVID is supported by a grant from the MRC-UK Research and Innovation and the Department of Health and Social Care through the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) rapid response panel to tackle COVID-19. The views expressed in the publication are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the National Health Service (NHS), the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care.COVIDENCE UK is supported by the UK Research and Innovation, the National Institute for Health Research, and Barts Charity. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the funders.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.002
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.006
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.015
Threshold uncertainty score0.029
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.045
GPT teacher head0.357
Teacher spread0.313 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations28
Published2023
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes