<i>Oichnus</i> Bromley as evidence of predator presence in the Canadian High Arctic
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Molluscan predators are rarely preserved in Late Pleistocene and Holocene marine sediments from the Canadian High Arctic. Predator-prey interactions in molluscan assemblages recorded as round holes in shells, recognized as the trace fossil Oichnus, are even less well known for Quaternary molluscan assemblages from the High Arctic. Because these biological interactions recorded in molluscan shells are an essential source of information for palaeoecological and environmental reconstructions, this study aims to identify Oichnus ichnospecies in bivalve shells to unveil the possible gastropod predators that were not recorded in Quaternary sediments from the Canadian High Arctic, particularly on Axel Heiberg Island (AHI). The whole assemblage consisted of a total of 3586 shells, where drilling frequency was 0.013 and prey effectiveness was 0.58. Boreholes were observed mainly in Astarte borealis, Hiatella arctica and Mya truncata (96% of the total assemblage) with a low drilling frequency. Those borings showed two different designs identified as Oichnus simplex and O. paraboloides, which could be produced by predatory gastropods belonging to the Naticidae and Muricidae families. The higher number of O. paraboloides observed in different prey species indicates that naticid gastropods produced a greater number of boreholes than muricid gastropods. These boreholes are preferentially located on the central area of A. borealis valves in the Late Quaternary bivalve shell assemblages from AHI. These findings provide evidence of predator-prey interactions, and therefore palaeoecological evidence that help us to understand the trophic structure of Late Quaternary benthic communities of the Canadian High Arctic.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".