Analysis of Lysine Acetylation and Acetylation‐like Acylation <i>In Vitro</i> and <i>In Vivo</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Protein lysine acetylation refers to the covalent transfer of an acetyl moiety from acetyl coenzyme A to the epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue and is critical for regulating protein functions in almost all living cells or organisms. Studies in the past decade have demonstrated the unexpected finding that acetylation-like acylation, such as succinylation, propionylation, butyrylation, crotonylation, and lactylation, is also present in histones and many non-histone proteins. Acetylation and acetylation-like acylation serve as reversible on/off switches for regulating protein function while interplaying with other post-translational modifications (such as phosphorylation and methylation) in a codified manner. Lysine acetylation and acetylation-like acylation are important for regulating different cellular and developmental processes in normal and pathological states. Thus, the detection of such modifications is important for related basic research and molecular diagnostics. Traditionally, lysine acetylation is detected by autoradiography, but recent decades have seen great improvement in the quality of site-specific antibodies against acetylation (or acetylation-like acylation), thereby providing competitive alternatives to the use of radioactive acetate and acetyl-coenzyme A for in vivo and in vitro labeling, respectively. This article describes protocols for the detection of lysine acetylation and acetylation-like acylation with site-specific antibodies to complement extant autoradiography-based methods (Pelletier et al., 2017). © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Acylation assays in vitro Basic Protocol 2: Determination of in vivo acylation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".