Chapter 7: Exotic Nonsocial Bees (Hymenoptera: Apiformes) in North America: Ecological Implications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Since the 17th century, 21 species of foreign bees are known to have joined the North America fauna of 3,800 species, comprising 0.5% of the overall continental fauna. Among these, only the honey bee is social. Among the six deliberately introduced bee species, all but the honey bee were released to pollinate agricultural crops. Most others were transported inadvertently with trans-Atlantic cargoes from the western Palearctic. Many of these foreign bee species remain restricted to limited areas of the eastern United States and adjoining Canada; four species have spread transcontinentally. Nearly all of these exotic species nest in stems or wood; two species nest in the ground; and one constructs free-standing nests of mud and pebbles. Most of these foreign bee species are polylectic (=use a taxonomic diversity of floral hosts for pollen), whereas the four narrowly oligolectic species continue to specialize on the same pollen hosts as in their native Europe. No evidence to date implicates these foreign nonsocial bee species in deleterious exploitative competition with native North American species for nectar or pollen (outside of agricultural crops). However, several investigators suggest that one or more Palearctic species of Megachile in California may be excluding native megachilids from suitable nesting cavities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".