Compact 140–220 GHz E/H Waveguide Phase Shifter and Its Application to Terahertz Multiport Circuits
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this article, four low-loss compact waveguide phase shifters with self-compensating characteristics are proposed, studied, and demonstrated over the entire G-band (140–220 GHz) for the first time. The full-band phase shifting is achieved by combining opposite properties of the reference line and the main line. In addition, the proposed phase shifters can be easily fabricated by using a split-block machining technology in both E- and H-plane-cut configurations, therefore making them attractive for simultaneously combined E-plane and H-plane waveguide circuits and systems. Compared with the state-of-art techniques, the proposed phase shifters present competitive advantages in terms of bandwidth performance, phase shift range, low loss, simplicity, and compactness as well as fabrication flexibility. Four prototypes with 45° and 90° phase shifts, covering the whole G-band with both E-plane-cut and H-plane-cut configurations were fabricated and measured. Measured results confirm the anticipated performances and their potential applications for THz waveguide circuits and systems. To validate its feasibility, a 90° phase shifter was integrated with a multiport interferometric circuit as an application example. Compared with other reported works, the performance of the multiport circuit is significantly enhanced in terms of return loss, insertion loss, isolation, and phase error, which makes the phase shifter a very practical component for THz systems, in particular broadband multiport interferometric transceiver systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".