A massive gauge theory <i>à la</i> Utiyama
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Utiyama’s method is a deductive approach of building gauge theories for semi-simple groups of local transformations, including the Abelian U(1) case, the non-Abelian SU(N) group, and the gravitational interaction. Gauge theories à la Utiyama typically predict a massless gauge potential. This work brings a mass generation mechanism and Utiyama’s method together thus giving mass to the interaction boson without breaking the gauge symmetry. Herein we devote our attention to the Abelian case. Two gauge potentials are introduced: a vetor field A μ and a scalar field B. The associated gauge-invariant field strengths F μ ν and G μ are built from Utiyama’s technique. Gauge invariance requirement upon the total Lagrangian (including matter fields and gauge fields) yields the conserved currents. Finally, we study the simplest type of Lagrangian involving the field strengths and obtain the related field equation. By imposing appropriate constraints on this particular example, Stueckelberg model is recovered.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".