Impact of Inverter-Based Resources on Different Implementation Methods for Distance Relays—Part II: Reactance Method
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Part I of this article investigated the performance of distance relays that use phase comparators in systems with inverter-based resources (IBRs). Part II investigates distance relays that are based on the reactance method, another common technique used in existing relays. Similar to Part I, the IBRs in this article comply with the low-voltage ride-through requirements of recent grid codes (including the generation of negative-sequence current), and the relays measure a combination of IBR and load currents. This article will examine if the basic assumptions of the reactance method hold under such scenarios. In addition to theoretical analysis, the article will also present case studies that indicate the differences between the impacts of IBRs on the reactance method and the previously discussed phase comparators, hence the need for separate treatment of the reactance method. The findings of this article are corroborated using PSCAD/EMTDC simulations.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it