Urinary Antibiotics and Bile Acid Homeostasis in Chinese Adults
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bile acid homeostasis plays a key role in human health. Environmental exposure to antibiotics may influence bile acid homeostasis, but relevant data remain limited in human. We investigated 4247 adults in Shanghai, East China, and measured 31 antibiotics (six human antibiotics (HAs), 10 veterinary antibiotics (VAs), and 15 human/veterinary antibiotics (H/VAs)) and 10 typical bile acids transformed or untransformed microbially (chenodeoxycholic acid, cholic acid, lithocholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, and deoxycholic acid, and their respective species conjugated with glycine) in morning fasting urine. Eight concentration ratios of transformed to untransformed bile acids were constructed to indicate the microbial transformations of the bile acids. HAs, VAs, and H/VAs were, respectively, detected in 10.0%, 28.3%, and 58.1% urine samples with the 99th percentiles of creatinine-adjusted concentrations being 2.6 × 10 2 ug/g, 7.5 ug/g, and 3.2 × 10 2 ug/g, respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that creatinine-adjusted concentrations of HAs, VAs, and H/VAs as well as eight typical antibiotics, including chlortetracycline, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, azithromycin, trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, and florfenicol, were associated with bile acids or decreased bile acid ratios. Environmental exposure to antibiotics was likely to disturb bile acid homeostasis in adults by affecting the microbial transformations of the bile acids.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".