Detecting Stable Diffusion Generated Images Using Frequency Artifacts: A Case Study on Disney-Style Art
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The use of Stable Diffusion models to generate realistic images has become a popular topic in recent years. However, this technology has also raised concerns about the potential harm it may cause to the copyright holders, particularly in the realm of art where these synthesized images can closely resemble the original work. As these synthesized images are hard for humans to distinguish from authentic ones, it is of great importance to develop methods that may identify them. In this paper, we propose a deep learning-based approach to detect synthesized images using information in the frequency domain. Since there exists no well-established dataset of images synthesized by stable diffusion models, in order to train and evaluate our network we generated a representative dataset consisting of carefully selecting human-created authentic images and synthesized animation images generated by the Stable Diffusion models. We chose to use Disney-style animated content for our case study, given its significance in the realm of intellectual property protection. Experimental results demonstrated that our proposed model outperforms humans and other state-of-the-art methods, achieving an accuracy rate of 99.46%.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it