Efficient production of the nuclear isomer <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mi>Mo</mml:mi><mml:mprescripts/><mml:none/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>93</mml:mn><mml:mi>m</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mmultiscripts></mml:math> with laser-accelerated proton beam and its astrophysical implication on <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mi>Mo</mml:mi><mml:mprescripts/><mml:none/><mml:mn>92</mml:mn></mml:mmultiscripts></mml:math> production
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nuclear isomers play a key role in the creation of the elements in the universe and potentially have significant applications related to the controlled release of nuclear energy on demand. Particularly, $^{93m}\mathrm{Mo}$ is a good candidate for studying the depletion of nuclear isomers via nuclear excitation by electron capture. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the efficient approach of $^{93m}\mathrm{Mo}$ production. In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate an efficient production of $^{93m}\mathrm{Mo}$ via $^{93}\mathrm{Nb}(p,n)$ reaction induced by an intense laser pulse. Employing the picosecond-duration, 100 J laser pulse, the $^{93m}\mathrm{Mo}$ isomer at 2425 keV ($21/{2}^{+}$, ${T}_{1/2}=6.85\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{h}$) is generated with a high yield of $1.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}$ particles/shot. The resulting peak production efficiency reaches ${10}^{17}$ particles/s, which is at least five orders of magnitude higher than that obtained using the classical accelerator. The impacts of the production and destruction of $^{93m}\mathrm{Mo}$ to the astrophysical $p$-nuclide $^{92}\mathrm{Mo}$ are studied. It is found that the $^{93}\mathrm{Nb}(p,n)\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{93m}\mathrm{Mo}$ reaction is an important production path of $^{93m}\mathrm{Mo}$, which could further influence the production of $^{92}\mathrm{Mo}$. In addition, a direct measurement of the $(p,n)$ reaction rate is proposed using the laser-induced proton beam of which the energies follow the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution well. It is believed that the laser-induced proton beam opens an avenue for the production of nuclear isomers with high peak efficiency used for the studies of $p$-nuclei nucleosynthesis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.019 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".