Efficient production of the nuclear isomer <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mi>Mo</mml:mi><mml:mprescripts/><mml:none/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>93</mml:mn><mml:mi>m</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mmultiscripts></mml:math> with laser-accelerated proton beam and its astrophysical implication on <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mi>Mo</mml:mi><mml:mprescripts/><mml:none/><mml:mn>92</mml:mn></mml:mmultiscripts></mml:math> production
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nuclear isomers play a key role in the creation of the elements in the universe and potentially have significant applications related to the controlled release of nuclear energy on demand. Particularly, $^{93m}\mathrm{Mo}$ is a good candidate for studying the depletion of nuclear isomers via nuclear excitation by electron capture. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the efficient approach of $^{93m}\mathrm{Mo}$ production. In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate an efficient production of $^{93m}\mathrm{Mo}$ via $^{93}\mathrm{Nb}(p,n)$ reaction induced by an intense laser pulse. Employing the picosecond-duration, 100 J laser pulse, the $^{93m}\mathrm{Mo}$ isomer at 2425 keV ($21/{2}^{+}$, ${T}_{1/2}=6.85\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{h}$) is generated with a high yield of $1.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}$ particles/shot. The resulting peak production efficiency reaches ${10}^{17}$ particles/s, which is at least five orders of magnitude higher than that obtained using the classical accelerator. The impacts of the production and destruction of $^{93m}\mathrm{Mo}$ to the astrophysical $p$-nuclide $^{92}\mathrm{Mo}$ are studied. It is found that the $^{93}\mathrm{Nb}(p,n)\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{93m}\mathrm{Mo}$ reaction is an important production path of $^{93m}\mathrm{Mo}$, which could further influence the production of $^{92}\mathrm{Mo}$. In addition, a direct measurement of the $(p,n)$ reaction rate is proposed using the laser-induced proton beam of which the energies follow the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution well. It is believed that the laser-induced proton beam opens an avenue for the production of nuclear isomers with high peak efficiency used for the studies of $p$-nuclei nucleosynthesis.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.023 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it