Independent Journalism for Hybrid Democracies: A Systemic Vision in Three Latin American Countries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Contemporary journalism is facing challenges because several changes in the world: the decline of democracy: the proliferation of false information (both in “official” and informal spaces), the raise (and transformation) of communication agencies with profit priority, and the urgent need to promote educational alternatives for citizenship. For all these reasons, it is necessary the presence of information channels that maintain a balance between the quality of information, economic sustainability, and the promotion of active audiences. This is particularly important when the conditions for the exercise of journalism are facing regimes with conditions of authoritarianism, such as hybrid democracies and authoritarian governments. In this article, success stories of independent journalism in Peru, Honduras, and Mexico will be analyzed, as well as their strategies to guarantee responsible practice and economic sustainability. In this sense, the cases will be analyzed through system thinking, considering the characterization and common elements found in three Latin American hybrid democracies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.012 | 0.015 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.015 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.009 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".