Vertical takeoff and landing aircraft: Categories, applications, and technology
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) aircraft is an aircraft with the ability to take off and land vertically. The ability of removing the need for a runway allows VTOL aircraft to be used for applications that standard aircraft cannot be used for. These applications include military, firefighting, and transportation applications. For the purposes of this paper, helicopters will be considered to be VTOL aircraft, as they fit the general criteria and are among the first to be widely used. VTOL aircraft can be split into several categories, including hybrid VTOL aircraft, VTOL Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, and electric VTOL aircraft. These categories of VTOL aircraft are compared. Famous VTOL aircrafts like Osprey and Harrier are introduced. The technology behind VTOL aircraft is explained, and the ways in which VTOL aircraft can be made useful are reviewed. In addition, the prospect of VTOL aircraft has been made. This paper may offer a reference for the future works about VTOL.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".