An Energy-Efficient Multiple-Factor Authentication Protocol for Critical Infrastructure IoT Systems
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Internet of Things (IoT) is an innovative concept aimed at offering an extensive range of applications that have become integral to our everyday existence. In recent decade, cyber-attacks are a major barrier to the adoption and development of critical infrastructure IoT systems. In this paper, we proposed a lightweight, secure, and energy-efficient authentication protocol with session key establishment. The protocol preserves user anonymity to safeguard users' privacy. We developed a multiple-factor authentication protocol in order to provide high resilience for critical infrastructures. According to security analysis, our hash-based scheme is robust against a large number of conventional and quantum computer attacks. We demonstrated our protocol outperforms the baseline mechanisms regarding computation cost, communication cost, and power consumption.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it