Bibliographic record
Abstract
Writing in the 1970s and 1980s, Ritzer argued that sociology had three main theoretical paradigms, or types of theory. The social-fact paradigm grew out of Emile Durkheim's sociology but also includes perspectives like conflict theory and structural functionalism. The social-definition paradigm grew out of Max Weber's interpretive sociology, but also includes perspectives like symbolic interactionism and social phenomenology. Finally, the social-behavior paradigm grew out of behavioral psychology, but also includes theories like exchange theory. Another classificatory scheme organizes sociological theories according to the epistemology (i.e., theory of knowledge) that they assume. For example, Jurgen Habermas distinguished between three types of knowledge: empirical-analytic, hermeneutic, and emancipatory. Though distinctions between classical and contemporary theory vary, classical theory is usually defined as the set of sociological theories that developed between the early 1800s and World War II, and contemporary theory anything after.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.028 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".