A method for sampling parasitized <i>Drosophila suzukii</i> (Diptera: Drosophilidae) puparia from soil
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Methods to measure the diversity and biological control impact of parasitoids for the control of spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) are being developed in support of biological control programs around the world. Existing methods to determine parasitism levels and parasitoid species composition focus on sampling D. suzukii within fresh and rotting fruit. However, many D. suzukii pupate in the soil or in dropped fruit, where additional parasitism could occur and where their parasitoids are thought to overwinter. Here we introduce a method for extracting parasitized D. suzukii puparia from the soil through a sieve and flotation system, allowing for effective collection of puparia, from which parasitoids can then be reared. Although the method considerably underestimates the absolute number of puparia in soil samples, it nonetheless yields a high number of puparia relative to sampling effort and provides a robust estimate of the relative abundance of puparia among samples. Using this method, we confirmed that at least 5 species of parasitoids, including some that have rarely been detected in past studies, overwinter in their immature stages inside D. suzukii puparia in south coastal British Columbia, Canada. The ability to sample puparia from the soil will lead to a more comprehensive view of both D. suzukii and parasitoid abundance throughout the season, help confirm parasitoid establishment following intentional releases, and provide a way to measure the diversity of parasitoid species and potential interactions among parasitoids (e.g., hyper- or klepto-parasitism) that may often occur on the soil surface.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".