Indium partitioning between silicate melts and magmatic fluids: implications for indium ore genesis and the tracing of magma degassing
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Most of the global indium resources are from deposits associated with felsic rocks . Considering that the indium concentration in the average upper crust is extremely low, magmatic-hydrothermal processes play a critical role in the enrichment and mineralization of indium. However, the extraction efficiency of indium by magmatic fluids remains unclear. We performed experiments at 800 °C, 150 MPa and oxygen fugacity of Ni-NiO buffer to determine the partition coefficient of indium between aqueous fluids and granitic melts ( D In f / m ). To counteract the rapid loss of indium into the noble metal container wall, the D In f / m were obtained by the method of local equilibrium between microscopic-sized fluid bubbles and surrounding silicate melt . The results show that indium has the highest fluid-melt partition coefficients of all metals investigated so far. At a constant aluminum saturation index (ASI = 1.07–1.12), D In f / m correlates linearly with the total Cl concentration in the coexisting fluid ( m Cl total ), increasing from 61 ± 11 (1σ) at m Cl total = 1.0 mol/kg H 2 O to 895 ± 105 (1σ) at m Cl total = 16 mol/kg H 2 O. When the HCl concentration in the solution increases from 0.13 to 0.49 mol/kg H 2 O at a fixed m Cl total = 2 mol/kg H 2 O, D In f / m increases parabolically from 129 ± 21 to 320 ± 24. The observed partitioning data suggest that indium was dominantly present as In(OH) 2 Cl in the low-HCl and In(OH)Cl 2 in high-HCl aqueous fluid at the experimental conditions. Numerical modeling indicates that the extraction efficiency of indium from S-type felsic magmas is very high (>85 %) and magmatic fluids may be the major source of indium for most indium deposits. Due to the high D In f / m values, fluid saturation and exsolution result in a sharp drop of indium concentration in both the residual melt and crystallized minerals, which makes the indium concentration in whole rock and minerals an indicator of fluid exsolution.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it