The linguistic and metalinguistic abilities of monolingual and bilingual speakers with Prader–Willi syndrome
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although bilingualism is encouraged and promoted among typically developing (TD) individuals, some countries continue to recommend monolingualism for non-TD individuals. This common practice seems unfounded because existing research investigating the effects of bilingualism on non-TD individuals has not revealed a detrimental effect of bilingualism. In this study, we analyzed the linguistic and metalinguistic abilities of individuals with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS). To manipulate grammaticality and semantics, a grammaticality judgment task was created and administered in Spanish to eight Spanish monolingual speakers and seven Spanish–Catalan bilingual speakers, all with PWS. Similar results were obtained for linguistic and metalinguistic abilities in both groups, even if the bilingual speakers were Catalan dominant. Thus, these results not only support previous research within the field in not identifying a negative effect of bilingualism but also emphasize the fact that bilingual speakers can mirror monolingual speakers even in their “weaker” language.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".