An objective comparison of two prominent virtual actor frameworks: Proto.Actor and Orleans
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recently there has been a significant increase in developing distributed systems easily and rapidly. Driven by the demand of software communities, developers seek tools and frameworks that abstract away low-level details of the underlying distributed system and the need to understand complex details on how the system works. Researchers have explored serverless frameworks, distributed key value stores, distributed stream processing frameworks and distributed actor frameworks. Currently, stateful serverless applications and distributed actor models may be the answer to what developers need. In this paper, we present a review of stateful distributed computing frameworks, and the results of experiments that compare Orleans and Proto.Actor - two popular actor model frameworks - running on Kubernetes. We discovered that the Proto.Actor performs at least two times faster than Orleans, but is more complex to learn. We present the results of these tests, and provide a discussion of future research opportunities highlighting virtual actor model frameworks.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it