A Hybrid Deep BiLSTM-CNN for Hate Speech Detection in Multi-social media
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nowadays, means of communication among people have changed due to advancements in information technology and the rise of online multi-social media. Many people express their feelings, ideas, and emotions on social media sites such as Instagram, Twitter, Gab, Reddit, Facebook, and YouTube. However, people have misused social media to send hateful messages to specific individuals or groups to create chaos. For various governance authorities, manually identifying hate speech on various social media platforms is a difficult task to avoid such chaos. In this study, a hybrid deep-learning model, where bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) and convolutional neural network (CNN) are used to classify hate speech in textual data, is proposed. This model incorporates a GLOVE-based word embedding approach, dropout, L2 regularization, and global max pooling to get impressive results. Further, the proposed BiLSTM-CNN model has been evaluated on various datasets to achieve state-of-the-art performance that is superior to the traditional and existing machine learning methods in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".