Botanical surveying, nation-building and American empire: the US quest for a Philippine flora, 1903–1925
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the early decades of the twentieth century, the Smithsonian Institution, in collaboration with other partners in the US scientific establishment, sought on multiple occasions to oversee the preparation of a Philippine flora. Boosters originally conceived of the project in 1903 as a means of showcasing US colonial prowess and aiding the economic and cultural development of the Philippines as part of a benevolent civilizing mission. By the 1920s, however, the justification for the Philippine flora increasingly emphasized the US-Filipino partnership, although US officials immediately undercut this collaborative rationale by suggesting that Philippine institutions lacked the skill and infrastructure to preserve and care for specimen collections. This account of how visions of nation-building and imperial power shaped the Smithsonian’s quest for a Philippine flora contributes to ongoing scholarly efforts to integrate the United States into the global history of botany and empire.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it