Green hydrogen production plants: A techno-economic review
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• Reviewing different configurations of green hydrogen production from technical and economic perspectives. • Six renewable sources, three types of electrolyzers, and five hydrogen storage methods are reviewed. • Power plant configurations are assessed based on economic viability, efficiency, and technological maturity. • This review offers stakeholders informed decision-making tools. • The most cost-effective configurations involve solar photovoltaics or wind turbines, alkaline electrolyzers, and compressed hydrogen storage. • Geothermal or biomass paired with solid oxide electrolyzer cells utilizing waste heat show significant system efficiency. Green hydrogen stands as a promising clean energy carrier with potential net-zero greenhouse gas emissions. However, different system-level configurations for green hydrogen production yield different levels of efficiency, cost, and maturity, necessitating a comprehensive assessment. This review evaluates the components of hydrogen production plants from technical and economic perspectives. The study examines six renewable energy sources—solar photovoltaics, solar thermal, wind, biomass, hydro, and geothermal—alongside three types of electrolyzers (alkaline, proton exchange membrane, and solid oxide electrolyzer cells) and five hydrogen storage methods (compressed hydrogen, liquid hydrogen, metal hydrides, ammonia, and liquid organic hydrogen carriers). A comprehensive assessment of 90 potential system configurations is conducted across five key performance indicators: the overall system cost, efficiency, emissions, production scale and technological maturity. The most cost-effective configurations involve solar photovoltaics or wind turbines combined with alkaline electrolyzers and compressed hydrogen storage. For enhanced system efficiency, geothermal sources or biomass paired with solid oxide electrolyzer cells utilizing waste heat show significant promise. The top technologically mature systems feature combinations of solar photovoltaics, wind turbines, geothermal, or hydroelectric power with alkaline electrolyzers using compressed hydrogen or ammonia storage. The highest hydrogen production scales are observed in systems with solar PV, wind, or hydro power, paired with alkaline or PEM electrolyzers and ammonia storage. Configurations using hydro, geothermal, wind, or solar thermal energy sources paired with alkaline electrolyzers, and compressed hydrogen or liquid organic hydrogen carriers yield the lowest life cycle GHG emissions. These insights provide valuable decision-making tools for researchers, business developers, and policymakers, guiding the optimization of system efficiency and the reduction of system costs.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it