Above-Screen Fingertip Tracking and Hand Representation for Precise Touch Input with a Phone in Virtual Reality
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Interacting with the touchscreen of a mobile phone in virtual reality (VR) is challenging because users cannot see their fingers when aiming for targets. We propose using two mirrors reflecting the front camera of the phone and a purpose-built deep neural network to infer the 3D position of fingertips above the screen. Network training is self-supervised after only a few hundred initial labelled images and does not require any external sensor. The inferred fingertip positions can be used to control different hand models and objects in VR. Controlled experiments evaluate tracking performance for single-finger touch input, and compare several 3D hand representations with a flat 2D overlay used in previous work. The results confirm the suitability of our fingertip tracker to aid precise tapping of small targets on the phone screen and provide insights about the effect of various hand representations on control and presence. Finally, we provide several application examples showing how 3D fingertip input can complement and extend phone-based touch interaction in VR.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".