Spontaneous Production Rates in Song and Speech
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Many everyday tasks appear to be performed at an optimal rate that differs between individuals but is consistent within individuals. These optimal rates are estimated using a participant's Spontaneous Production Rate (SPR), the rate at which an individual produces sequences of sounds in the absence of external tempo cues. A previous study that measured SPRs in speech and piano production found no association between SPRs across tasks, a result suggesting that domain-specific constraints determine optimal rates. The present study addressed whether this dissociation would remain when music and speech are produced with the same effector system: vocal production. Participants spoke short, well-known phrases and sang familiar children's songs on “da” to avoid memorization of words. SPRs were measured by the mean inter-onset interval (IOI) between successively produced syllables or tones and showed large individual differences. Results showed consistent SPRs within individuals within each domain (speaking or singing) as well as consistent SPRs across the speaking and singing conditions. These results align with theories of optimal rates based on energy efficiency arising from biomechanical constraints rather than domain-specific communication goals.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".