‘How About the Threatened Timber Famine’: Timber Merchants, Wood Shortage and Global Surveys on Timber Production and Consumption
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the late nineteenth century, concerns about timber scarcity and forest depletion in industrialising countries contributed to the production of forest inventories and timber trade statistics on a planetary scale. Warnings about the eventual exhaustion of the North American pine forest erupted in the British trade press, at a time of intense public discussions about the natural limits of coal supply and the implications for the industrial and economic supremacy of Great Britain. It was in this context that the British government launched an effort to inventory forest areas and compile statistical data on timber production and consumption in various national settings. This paper focuses alternately on the perspectives of timber merchants, state representatives and scientists, to understand how international inventories of forest resources and global surveys on timber trade emerged from debates about a timber famine during the integration of the world economy at the end of the nineteenth century.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.018 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.027 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.027 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.007 | 0.009 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".