The effect of suffusion on small strain shear modulus of gap-graded soil under principal stress rotation
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Internal erosion involves the transport of soil particles from within or beneath a geotechnical structure due to seepage flow, influencing the subsequent mechanical and hydraulic behaviour of the soil. However, predicting changes in small-strain modulus ( G max ) with eroded fines and varying principal stress directions can be challenging due to various factors related to soil fabric. The present study investigates the impact of seepage flow on G max , as well as the effect of principal stress rotation (PSR), of gap-graded soil with a fines content of 20%, using a novel erosion hollow cylindrical torsion shear apparatus. The erosion test results indicate that, regardless of density, the G max generally increases with seepage time. The trend of G max measured in the vertical and torsional directions varies significantly, as seepage is applied always downward, resulting in a different impact on the vertical and horizontal bedding planes . After a cycle of PSR, the induced torsional shear strain is found larger for the eroded specimens, while vertical strain decreases due to fine removal accompanied by seepage flow. In the PSR tests, the specimens subjected to erosion exhibit a greater reduction in G max compared to non-eroded specimens, with increasing the angles of principal stress direction. This reduction may be due to the inefficacy of the reinforced soil skeleton established by erosion against shearing . The distribution of fine particles and anisotropy induced by seepage flow contribute to non-trivial mechanical behaviour during principal stress rotation, particularly regarding small-strain shear modulus .
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it