The lasting effects of wastewater irrigation: Evaluating alkylphenols accumulation in soil and potential health risks for farmers and local communities
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• The 4-nonylphenol concentration in agricultural soil ranged from 5.3 to 89.0 mg kg -1 . • The 4-t-octylphenol in agricultural soil ranged from non-detectable to 0.264 mg kg -1 . • 4-nonylphenol levels in effluent wastewater ranged from 0.42 to 14.61 μg/L. • The 4-t-octylphenol in effluent wastewater ranged from 0.0127 to 0.0635 μg/L. • Study shows health risks from alkylphenols contamination for children and adults. Reclaimed wastewater is being utilized extensively in agriculture worldwide to tackle water scarcity due to the climate change. However, this practice raises concerns about endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) like alkylphenols (APs) in soil and their potential risks to human health. This study examined the presence of APs in both secondary treated wastewater (STW) and agricultural soil, which had been irrigated with wastewater for about 40 years. The study found significant accumulation of 4-Nonylphenol (4-NP) and 4‑tert-Octylphenol (4-t-OP), in the agricultural soil compared to non-irrigated soil. The research also calculated the estrogenic equivalence (EEQ) of APs in agricultural soil and wastewater. The concentrations of APs in the agricultural soil were found to range from 5.33 to 89.0 mg kg -1 dry weight (dw) for 4-NP and from non-detectable levels to 0.2643 mg kg -1 dw for 4-t-OP, while in wastewater, the concentrations ranged from 0.42 to 14.61 μg/L for 4-NP and 0.0127 to 0.0635 μg/L for 4-t-OP. The study highlighted the potential health risks posed by accidental ingestion of contaminated soil and wastewater with APs, especially for children and adults who might face chronic, subchronic, or short-term exposure. The HQ for exposure to 4-NP in contaminated soil was significantly higher than 1 for chronic exposures involving individuals such as farmers, ranging from 3.35×10 –4 to 3.31×10 2 . For subchronic exposures affecting individuals like workers, the health risk ranged from 1.01×10 –8 to 1.21×10 1 . The hazard index values for chronic exposure to APs for adults exceed 1. There is a potential non-carcinogenic risk for children, with maximum health risk values significantly exceeding 1.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".