Experimental Study of Imbibition Characteristics During the Soaking Stage After Fracturing in Tight Reservoirs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT The soaking stage is vital for oil production after fracturing in tight reservoirs. However, the roles and contributions of spontaneous imbibition (SI) and forced displacement imbibition (FDI) during this stage are poorly understood. This study gave an in‐depth insight on the imbibition characteristics during the soaking stage under non‐zero initial water saturation conditions by static soaking and dynamic waterflooding of the core. The results indicate that the fluid absorbed by SI in the core is short‐ranged. After SI, there is still a substantial amount of remain oil (30.7%) that can be displaced by subsequent FDI. SI considerably drives oil recovery in small pores (10–100 nm), whereas FDI is more effective in large pores (500–1000 nm). Controlling the rate of fracturing water flowing into the matrix from the fracture can enhance the combined effect of SI and FDI. For reservoirs with high initial water saturation, enhancing FDI effect during the soaking stage is favorable for oil production.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".