Bibliographic record
Abstract
The answer lies less in Russia and more in the socio-cultural climate of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Western Europe. By examining not only the accounts of Western travel writers to Europe but the writers themselves I will show how the “discovery” of Russia by Westerners was defined by Early Modern anxieties surrounding religion and society that emerged during the Reformation and Enlightenment. These travel writers especially the Germans Sigismund von Herberstein and Adam Olearius – a Catholic and an Evangelical Lutheran respectively – used Russia as a field on which to argue their own respective views on what an ideal moral society should look like in the process establishing Russia as an antithetical Other. In particular, they criticised Russian men as violent, licentious, and stupid drunks while Russian arranged marriages condemned women to essential slavery locked at home with husbands who expressed love for them only by beating them. In reforming Russian society Peter the Great responded to these exact criticisms, creating a new and outward-looking class of international aristocrats to represent Russia thereby de-othering it in the eyes of their Western European counterparts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".