Development, hotspots and trend directions of groundwater numerical simulation: A bibliometric and visualization analysis
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Groundwater is a vital component of the hydrological cycle and essential for the sustainable development of ecosystems. Numerical simulation methods are key tools for addressing scientific challenges in groundwater research. This study uses bibliometric visualization analysis to examine the progress and trends in groundwater numerical simulation methods. By analyzing literature indexed in the Web of Science database from January 1990 to February 2023, and employing tools such as Citespace and VOSviewer, we assessed publication volume, research institutions and their collaborations, prolific scholars, keyword clustering, and emerging trends. The findings indicate an overall upward trend in both the number of publications and citations concerning groundwater numerical simulations. Since 2010, the number of publications has tripled compared to the total before 2010, underscoring the increasing significance and potential of numerical simulation methods in groundwater science. China, in particular, has shown remarkable growth in this field over the past decade, surpassing the United States, Canada, and Germany. This progress is closely linked to strong national support and active participation from research institutions, especially the contributions from teams at Hohai University, China University of Geosciences, and the University of Science and Technology of China. Collaboration between research teams is primarily seen between China and the United States, with less noticeable cooperation among other countries, resulting in a diverse and dispersed development pattern. Keyword analysis highlights that international research hotspots include groundwater recharge, karst water, geothermal water migration, seawater intrusion, variable density flow, contaminant and solute transport, pollution remediation, and land subsidence. Looking ahead, groundwater numerical simulations are expected to play a more prominent role in areas such as climate change, surface water-groundwater interactions, the impact of groundwater nitrates on the environment and health, submarine groundwater discharge, ecological water use, groundwater management, and risk prevention.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Direct model labels (unvalidated)
Per-model category and study-design labels from the labeling rounds. They are machine output, unvalidated, and the disagreement between models ships as data. No study design here is MEDLINE-validated yet.
| Model arm | Categories | Study design | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| gemma | Bibliometrics Domain: not available · Genre: Empirical About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: no | Observational | low |
| gpt | Bibliometrics Domain: not available · Genre: Empirical About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: no | Other design | low |
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.025 | 0.045 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it