Public education, multinational citizenship, and territorial legitimacy: analyzing the 2004 and 2023 Ontario curricula on Indigenous peoples
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Through an analysis of the Ontario public school curriculum grounded in normative analytics drawn from philosophical theories of territorial rights and state legitimacy, this paper investigates the role of public education in promoting and/or undermining the conditions for the formation of multinational identities among the members of the (English-speaking) majority group in Canada. That is, it investigates compulsory public education curricula for the potential to transmit representations that furnish students with the resources for forming beliefs and attitudes that recognize Canada to be a treaty federation of distinct peoples with rights to territory and self-determination. As the paper argues, under present conditions in the Canadian context, public education with a mind to producing a multinational ethos is a requirement of political legitimacy. As we will see, there is evidence to suggest that public education is undergoing a transformation in Canada’s largest province with respect to its treatment of contemporary Indigenous presence, historical treaty-making, and the history of colonial wrongdoing – although serious omissions remain, notably in the areas of Indigenous governance, and consent and consultation. The results of curricular evolution can thus be expected to remain ambiguous with respect to the ideals of territorial legitimacy and treaty federalism, alongside the problematic discursive arena provided by the national news media and other sites of identity formation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".